Brain
injury is a damage to the brain that may be caused by a traumatic injury to the
head or by a non-traumatic cause such as a tumor, aneurysm, anoxia or
infection.
Traumatic Brain Injury
A
traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating
head injury that disrupts the function of the brain. Not all blows or jolts to
the head result in a TBI. The severity of such an injury may range from
"mild," i.e., a brief change in mental status or consciousness to
"severe," i.e., an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia
after the injury. A TBI can result in short or long-term problems with
independent function.
The
leading causes of TBI are:
- Falls (28%)
- Motor
vehicle-traffic crashes (20%)
- Struck by/against
(19%)
- Assaults (11%)
- Blasts are a leading cause of TBI for active duty military personnel in war zones.
What
are the long-term consequences of TBI?
TBI
can cause a wide range of functional changes affecting thinking, language,
learning, emotions, behavior, and/or sensation. It can also cause epilepsy and
increase the risk for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's
disease, and other brain disorders that become more prevalent with age.
Traumatic
Brain Injury (TBI) Part I: 2D/3D Medical Animation by MediVisuals, Inc.
Traumatic
Brain Injury (TBI) Part 2: 2D/3D Medical Animation by MediVisuals, Inc.
Traumatic
Concussive Brain Injury by TrialFX (animation with no narration)
Traumatic
Brain Injuries: Effects of damage to different lobes of the brain by Kershaw,Cutter & Ratinoff
Brain
Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health Professions
Children
and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health
Veterans
and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health
Speech
Therapy Following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health
Non-traumatic Brain
Injury
A
Nontraumatic Brain Injury can be the result of an illness, oxygen deprivation,
metabolic disorders, aneurysms, cardiac arrest, near-drowning experience, etc.
In short, it includes injuries to the brain that are not caused by an external
physical force to the head. Other nonviolent circumstances like tumors and lead
poisoning can also damage the brain. Even though the effects of a Nontraumatic
Brain Injury are comparable to those affiliated with a Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI), there are some dramatic differences. Previously mentioned and most
important, they do not feature any outer blow to the head. It also has a direct
impact on cells throughout the brain. Since it attacks the cellular structure,
a Nontraumatic Brain Injury has the ability to spread to all areas of the brain
as opposed to TBI, which only affects concentrated areas.
The
most common instances of Nontraumatic Brain Injury include:
- Anoxic injury - brain receives inadequate levels of oxygen, usually following cardiac arrest when there is minimal to no blood reaching the brain.
Anoxic Brain Injury
Dangers of Carbon
Monoxide
- Toxic or metabolic
injury - occurs after coming into contact with unsafe substances (e.g.,
lead) or the detrimental accumulation of chemicals manufactured within the
body (e.g., kidney failure).
- Encephalitis - caused by an infection of the brain.
Encephalitis
- Virus - most
popular agent of Nontraumatic Brain Injury.
- Brain tumors and methods used to treat them - chemotherapy and radiation can lead to diffuse brain damage.
Brain Tumor Overview
- Cerebral Aneurysm
Cerebral Aneurysm
- Meningitis
- Stroke
What Is A Stroke? -
Narration and Animation by Cal Shipley, M.D.
Types of Strokes
- Drug abuse
Teenage Drug Overdose -
Brain Damage
Substance Use and
Traumatic Brain Injury: Risk Reduction and Prevention
- Hydrocephalus
Pediatric Playbook -
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus -
Definition, treatment and complications
Brain
Injury videos created by KPKinteractive for Shepherd Center
1.
Introduction and About this Video - Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive
2.
Brain Injury Basics and Anatomy of the Brain - Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive
3.
Understanding Traumatic Brain Injury, its Causes, Effects and Classifications -
Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive
4.
Understanding Non-Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke - Brain Injury 101 by
KPKinteractive
5.
Practical Advice for Coping with Brain Injury - Brain Injury 101 by
KPKinteractive
Leaving
with BI http://www.biausa.org/living-with-brain-injury.htm
- About BI http://www.biausa.org/about-brain-injury.htm
- BI Diagnosis http://www.biausa.org/brain-injury-diagnosis.htm
- BI Treatment http://www.biausa.org/brain-injury-treatment.htm
- BI resources http://www.biausa.org/brain-injury-community.htm
- BI in Children http://www.biausa.org/brain-injury-children.htm
- Mild BI and Concussion http://www.biausa.org/mild-brain-injury.htm
How
effective are speech-language treatments for TBI?
The
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) www.asha.org has written a
series of treatmentefficacy summaries that describe evidence about how well treatment works.
These summaries are useful not only to individuals with TBI and caregivers but
also to insurance companies considering payment for much needed services for TBI.
What
does a speech-language pathologist do when working with people with TBI?
A
treatment plan is developed after the evaluation. The treatment program will
vary depending on the stage of recovery, but it will always focus on increasing
independence in everyday life.
In
the early stages of recovery (e.g., during coma), treatment focuses on:
· getting
general responses to sensory stimulation
· teaching
family members how to interact with the loved one
As
an individual becomes more aware, treatment focuses on:
· Maintaining
attention for basic activities
· Reducing
confusion
· Orienting
the person to the date, where he or she is, and what has happened
Later
on in recovery, treatment focuses on:
· finding
ways to improve memory (e.g., using a memory log)
· learning
strategies to help problem solving, reasoning, and organizational skills
· working
on social skills in small groups
· improving
self-monitoring in the hospital, home, and community
Eventually,
treatment may include:
· going
on community outings to help the person plan, organize, and carry out trips
using memory logs, organizers, checklists, and other helpful aids
· working
with a vocational rehabilitation specialist to help the person get back to work
or school
Individual
treatment may continue to improve speech, language, and swallowing skills, as
needed. If the person is learning how to use an augmentative or alternative
communication device, treatment will focus on increasing efficiency and
effectiveness with the device.
The
Preferred Practice Patterns for the Profession of Speech-Language Pathology outline
the common practices followed by SLPs when engaging in various aspects of the
profession. The Preferred Practice Patterns for cognitive-communication
assessment and intervention are outlined in sections 22 and 23. The Preferred
Practice Patterns for a comprehensive speech and language assessment are
outlined in section 10.
In
2003, ASHA developed a technical report that describes the role of the SLP in
the management of individuals with TBI. Check http://www.asha.org/policy/TR2003-00146/
for
“Rehabilitation of Children and Adults with
Cognitive-Communication Disorder After Brain Injury”
See
TraumaticBrain Injury (TBI) by ASHA
Treatment
Efficacy Summaries
ASHA
has developed a series of treatment efficacy summaries that describe research
findings about how well treatment works for different disorders. These
summaries are useful not only to parents and caregivers but also to insurance
companies considering payment for much needed services for adults and children
with communication and related disorders.
AutismSpectrum Disorders [PDF]
ChildLanguage Disorders [PDF]
HearingLoss in Children [PDF]
Stuttering
[PDF]
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