You can easily translate the web content to your language with the Google Chrome.
Do szybkiego tlumaczenia na Twoj jezyk, polecam uzywanie przegladarki Google Chrome.

Thursday, May 1, 2014

Brain Injury, TBI and Non-TBI

Brain injury is a damage to the brain that may be caused by a traumatic injury to the head or by a non-traumatic cause such as a tumor, aneurysm, anoxia or infection.

Traumatic Brain Injury
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the function of the brain. Not all blows or jolts to the head result in a TBI. The severity of such an injury may range from "mild," i.e., a brief change in mental status or consciousness to "severe," i.e., an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia after the injury. A TBI can result in short or long-term problems with independent function.

The leading causes of TBI are:
  • Falls (28%)
  • Motor vehicle-traffic crashes (20%)
  • Struck by/against (19%)
  • Assaults (11%)
  • Blasts are a leading cause of TBI for active duty military personnel in war zones.
What are the long-term consequences of TBI?
TBI can cause a wide range of functional changes affecting thinking, language, learning, emotions, behavior, and/or sensation. It can also cause epilepsy and increase the risk for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other brain disorders that become more prevalent with age.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Part I: 2D/3D Medical Animation by MediVisuals, Inc.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Part 2: 2D/3D Medical Animation by MediVisuals, Inc.

Traumatic Concussive Brain Injury by TrialFX (animation with no narration)

Traumatic Brain Injuries: Effects of damage to different lobes of the brain by Kershaw,Cutter & Ratinoff

Brain Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health Professions

Children and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health Professions

Veterans and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health Professions

Speech Therapy Following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by MU School of Health Professions

Non-traumatic Brain Injury
A Nontraumatic Brain Injury can be the result of an illness, oxygen deprivation, metabolic disorders, aneurysms, cardiac arrest, near-drowning experience, etc. In short, it includes injuries to the brain that are not caused by an external physical force to the head. Other nonviolent circumstances like tumors and lead poisoning can also damage the brain. Even though the effects of a Nontraumatic Brain Injury are comparable to those affiliated with a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), there are some dramatic differences. Previously mentioned and most important, they do not feature any outer blow to the head. It also has a direct impact on cells throughout the brain. Since it attacks the cellular structure, a Nontraumatic Brain Injury has the ability to spread to all areas of the brain as opposed to TBI, which only affects concentrated areas.
The most common instances of Nontraumatic Brain Injury include:
  • Anoxic injury - brain receives inadequate levels of oxygen, usually following cardiac arrest when there is minimal to no blood reaching the brain.
Anoxic Brain Injury

Dangers of Carbon Monoxide
  • Toxic or metabolic injury - occurs after coming into contact with unsafe substances (e.g., lead) or the detrimental accumulation of chemicals manufactured within the body (e.g., kidney failure).
  • Encephalitis - caused by an infection of the brain.
Encephalitis
  • Virus - most popular agent of Nontraumatic Brain Injury.
  • Brain tumors and methods used to treat them - chemotherapy and radiation can lead to diffuse brain damage.
Brain Tumor Overview
  • Cerebral Aneurysm
Cerebral Aneurysm
  • Meningitis
Medical School - Meningitis: A Simple Review
  • Stroke
What Is A Stroke? - Narration and Animation by Cal Shipley, M.D.
  • Drug abuse
Teenage Drug Overdose - Brain Damage

Substance Use and Traumatic Brain Injury: Risk Reduction and Prevention
  • Hydrocephalus
Pediatric Playbook - Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus - Definition, treatment and complications

Brain Injury videos created by KPKinteractive for Shepherd Center

1. Introduction and About this Video - Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive

2. Brain Injury Basics and Anatomy of the Brain - Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive

3. Understanding Traumatic Brain Injury, its Causes, Effects and Classifications - Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive

4. Understanding Non-Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke - Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive

5. Practical Advice for Coping with Brain Injury - Brain Injury 101 by KPKinteractive

About Brain Injury by Brain Injury Association of America http://www.biausa.org/
Check also other organization Brain Line, very informative Web http://www.brainline.org/

How effective are speech-language treatments for TBI?
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) www.asha.org has written a series of treatmentefficacy summaries that describe evidence about how well treatment works. These summaries are useful not only to individuals with TBI and caregivers but also to insurance companies considering payment for much needed services for TBI.
What does a speech-language pathologist do when working with people with TBI?
A treatment plan is developed after the evaluation. The treatment program will vary depending on the stage of recovery, but it will always focus on increasing independence in everyday life.
In the early stages of recovery (e.g., during coma), treatment focuses on:
·   getting general responses to sensory stimulation
·   teaching family members how to interact with the loved one
As an individual becomes more aware, treatment focuses on:
·    Maintaining attention for basic activities
·    Reducing confusion
·    Orienting the person to the date, where he or she is, and what has happened
Later on in recovery, treatment focuses on:
·    finding ways to improve memory (e.g., using a memory log)
·    learning strategies to help problem solving, reasoning, and organizational skills
·    working on social skills in small groups
·    improving self-monitoring in the hospital, home, and community
Eventually, treatment may include:
·  going on community outings to help the person plan, organize, and carry out trips using memory logs, organizers, checklists, and other helpful aids
·    working with a vocational rehabilitation specialist to help the person get back to work or school
Individual treatment may continue to improve speech, language, and swallowing skills, as needed. If the person is learning how to use an augmentative or alternative communication device, treatment will focus on increasing efficiency and effectiveness with the device.
The Preferred Practice Patterns for the Profession of Speech-Language Pathology outline the common practices followed by SLPs when engaging in various aspects of the profession. The Preferred Practice Patterns for cognitive-communication assessment and intervention are outlined in sections 22 and 23. The Preferred Practice Patterns for a comprehensive speech and language assessment are outlined in section 10.
In 2003, ASHA developed a technical report that describes the role of the SLP in the management of individuals with TBI. Check http://www.asha.org/policy/TR2003-00146/ for
 “Rehabilitation of Children and Adults with Cognitive-Communication Disorder After Brain Injury”

Treatment Efficacy Summaries
ASHA has developed a series of treatment efficacy summaries that describe research findings about how well treatment works for different disorders. These summaries are useful not only to parents and caregivers but also to insurance companies considering payment for much needed services for adults and children with communication and related disorders.
Stuttering [PDF]

No comments:

Post a Comment