You can easily translate the web content to your language with the Google Chrome.
Do szybkiego tlumaczenia na Twoj jezyk, polecam uzywanie przegladarki Google Chrome.
Showing posts with label interaction. Show all posts
Showing posts with label interaction. Show all posts

Monday, August 31, 2020

Access to Materials and Activities, Tech Support, and Training in SLP Telepractice

Basia remote learning, 2020

I’ve been looking for a platform to have access to materials and activities, tech support, and training. I found Presence Learning to be very helpful. The platform is rich in resources, webinars, and motivational virtually speaking clinicians.

Resources 

https://www.presencelearning.com/resources/content-library/

On-Demand Webinars 

https://www.presencelearning.com/resources/sped-ahead-special-education-resources-webinars/

Clinician blog 

https://www.presencelearning.com/virtually-speaking/

Tuesday, August 4, 2020

Life Lasting Lessons - “Make Your Bed. Little Things That Can Change Your Life and Maybe The World” by Admiral William H. McRaven

Monument to The Merchant Marines at Battery Park City, Manhattan

Former Navy SEAL Admiral William H. McRaven gave 10 lessons to the graduates at The University of Texas at Austin on May 17, 2014.

He outlined the lessons of the bed, paddle, heart, cookie, circus, obstacle, shark, dark moment, song, and bell. Each one was a metaphor for an important life part.
  1. Make your bed - Making our bed seems simple, but if we don’t do the simple things well the big things that come with time will overwhelm us and paralyze our existence. If we can get the bed part of our day right every morning, most probably we can get our lives right as well! 
  2. Find people to paddle with you - The more paddles the better. Getting along with the team players takes time, patience and perseverance but in the long run, it’s worth an effort and it brings a great result. It will ease your paddling. 
  3. Measure the size of heart, not flippers – It doesn’t matter how strong and handsome someone is, what matters is how big heart he has. If the person has a good heart he will do good things for the others and gain people’s trust, respect and support. Motivation seems to outperform intelligence.
  4. Get over being a “sugar cookie” and keep moving forward - Some days no matter what we do, no matter how hard we try, things go the opposite way. Therefore we need to prepare ourselves for that bad day, a failure. A Navy SEAL trainee is ordered into the surf to get good, cold, and wet, and then to roll around on the beach until he is completely covered in fine white sand – resembling a “sugar cookie.” A Navy SEAL trainee stay that way for the rest of the day, reflect on his weekness. If case of a bad day we have to push through it and look forward to having a better day tomorrow.
  5. Don't be afraid of the circuses - When the Navy SEAL fail a daily physical training he has to do two hours more of additional calisthenics - designed to wear him down, to break his spirit, to force him to quit. But that extra training actually can help build strength and stamina if he don’t quit. We all live though our own “circuses” in life and they can be wearing, perplexing and often discouraging. When you do an extra work, you become stronger, experienced, and confident. Doing the minimum is not enough, we have to practice the maximum.
  6. Sometimes you have to slide down obstacles head first - Twice a week an obstacle course was required for McRaven’s SEAL training. One of the most feared obstacle course challenges was the “slide for life.” It was dangerous and it put the SEALs at high risk. While it’s good to be frightened, if fear paralyzes our intellect and our motivation, then we are truly lost. Sometimes we have to take that chance and “risk” it, but it needs to be with our full awareness and purpose.
  7. Don't back down from the sharks - The lesson 6 reminds us that fear can weaken our capacity but if we prepare to meet face-to-face with “sharks”, our response may surprise us.  Attackers prefer to attack the weak not the strong. Your sharks could be physical attackers, so self-defense training can give you some confidence to avoid being easy prey. If your sharks attack you verbally, try to be adequately prepared, take a stand for yourself and others. Lock in your values and ethics.
  8. You must be your very best in the darkest moments - The Navy SEAL training missions require trainees to perform dangerous underwater operations in complete darkness. All of their training needs to carry them through that moment. We don’t have a SEAL training but we do have our principles, mysticism, and relationships to pull us through these darkest moments of our lives. It’s not important how do we start but how do we finish.
  9. Start singing when you're up to your neck in mud - The ninth week of the SEAL training (“Hell Week”) consists of six days without sleep, continual physical and mental harassment, and an woeful day at the mud. It is one of the most difficult Navy SEAL part. Often, many SEALs quit right there, but some find a way to get through it.While Admiral William H. McRaven’s group friends were up to their necks in mud, one SEAL trainee started singing and others joined him. Unity in singing was an affirmation that gave them hope. We can use your voice to transform a dark moment into hope.
  10. Don't ever, ever ring the bell - Any time a Navy SEAL wants to quit their training and leave, all they have to do is go up to the bell and ring it. Ringing a bell, even on a bicycle is a sign of weakness. Be tolerant, be patient, be persistent on you way to the finish line!

The Immigrants Monument at Battery Park City, Manhattan

Admiral William H. McRaven also said:
“Start each day with a task completed. Find someone to help you through life. Respect everyone. Know that life is not fair and that you will fail often. But if you take some risks, step up when the times are toughest, face down the bullies, lift up the downtrodden and never, ever give up - if you do these things, then the next generation and the generations that follow will live in a world far better than the one we have today.”

“It matters not your gender, your ethnic or religious background, your orientation, or your social status. Our struggles in this world are similar and the lessons to overcome those struggles and to move forward - changing ourselves and the world around us - will apply equally to all.”

“Changing the world can happen anywhere and anyone can do it.”

Watch his speech on YouTube:
To read more check the links below:

Friday, July 31, 2020

Great Things To Do With Your Kids This COVID-19 Summer

Basia at the Catskill Mountains 

I would like to share great ideas collected by Katia Hetter and presented on CNN Health

Have a Snick Pick:

OLD-FASHIONED FUN
  • Family game night...
  • Family movie night...
  • Family dance party... 
  • House or neighborhood scavenger hunt...
  • Face painting...
  • Lego challenges...
  • Raise a glass to freedom...
  • Each one, pick one...
LET’S PLAY OUTSIDE
  • Create a splash pad...
  • Balloons fight...
  • Grow herbs, lettuces and flowers...
  • Welcome the birds...
  • Smash the virus...
  • Chalk art museum...
  • Map the neighborhood...
  • Hike the park...
  • Let’s have a picnic...
  • Outdoor game day...
FOOD AND DRINK
  • Cooking challenge...
  • Random birthday cake night...
  • Pantry challenge...
  • Ice cream social...
  • Host a Meatless Monday dinner...
  • Host a teatime...
  • Make a fun drink night...
  • Bake for a neighbor...
  • Historic recipe hunt...
  • Eat someplace else...
LEARN SOMETHING NEW
  • Make music...
  • Spanish, Chinese, Russian...
  • Time to learn science...
  • Take a happiness class...
  • Play video games...
  • Use that equipment...
  • Hire an intern...
  • Get down to science...
  • Dance, dance, dance...
DO FOR OTHERS
  • Phone a relative...
  • “Get well soon” cards...
  • Hand out snack bags...
  • Food donations...
  • Walk a dog...
  • Make food to share...
  • Lemonade stand...
READ OR WRITE SOMETHING INTERESTING
  • Pick a book...
  • Family reading time...
  • Book/movie combo...
  • Head to Hogwarts...
  • Write a book...
  • Your kid’s story...
  • Hit the road...
  • Raising girls and boys...
  • Broaden your worldview...
  • Baby books...
STYLE, ART AND ARCHITECTURE
  • Give your wall(s) a fresh coat of paint...
  • Declutter...
  • Arrange your books...
  • Mini-Marie Kondo...
  • Play/art/music...
  • Geek out on art apps...
  • Plan a photoshoot...
  • Paint with your family...
  • Try art-inspired recipes...
  • Make ornaments...
CONNECT AS A FAMILY
  • Would You Rather?...
  • Cut your bangs...
  • Do an at-home manicure...
  • Do yoga together...
  • Question a day...
  • Family meetings...
  • Clean the house together...
  • Play Roseand Thorn at dinner...
  • Sing together...
NIGHTTIME FUN
  • Camp out in your backyard...
  • Fort night...
  • Pillow fight...
  • Have a s’mores night outside...
  • Nighttime tag...
  • Capture the flag at night...
  • Go to the drive-in...
  • Glow-in-the-dark treasure hunt...
  • Look for the stars...
  • Go to sleep early...
For more details check:
https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/22/health/100-things-to-do-this-summer-wellness-trnd/index.html “Summer is not completely canceled. Here are 100 things we can do with or without kids.” By Katia Hetter

Thursday, July 23, 2020

20 General Tips That Must be Known When Travelling by Teenager

And Ones That Relate to Greece


Tip 1
Put on layers. In Greece, it is mostly warm but many tourists get tricked because it isn't always warm and sunny, it rains sometimes. This is why I would recommend dressing in layers that you can always take off. It is good to bring a raincoat so that the rain doesn't spoil your vacation by making you sick.

Tip 2
If you are a tourist who travels frequently then you probably know this tip already. In every country, even the safest city in the world, pickpockets are everywhere. To make it harder for them to steal your things, simply put the most valuable or important things at the bottom of your bag, in your shoes, or around your neck. Carry your backpack on the front of your body, not the back. It is very easy for someone to steal your things if you cannot see them. You can also make a little pouch that you can put on your neck for your passport, visa, or money. The most important things you have to take on the trip is your money, passport, visa, and ticket. 
Fun fact: Greece is supposedly the safest country in Europe.

Tip 3
Don't look rich. Don't put on expensive jewelry or attractive watches because that will attract robbers and emphasize that you are not from that country (especially if the country or areas are not well developed).

Tip 4
If you are on a tour, don't be late because that will make people dislike you and make you have fewer friends on the trip. A funny thing was that when I and my parents went to Israel, we had a tour guide that said that if someone was late 2 times, they would have to fund everyone a drink. As you have probably noticed, I am talking a lot about tours because we are on a tour right now. The company we are currently traveling with is called “Gate 1 Travel” and it is an amazing tour company in my opinion because the price is good for the luxurious food they serve, good guides they hire, and good quality hotels they bring us to. The reason for this is because the company is very big and they can get reasonable prices from restaurants and hotels. I have met lots of friends on our tour and become very close to them. I think that trips are a great time to meet great friends. Greece is my fourth Gate 1 Travel tour and I have friends from all of the tours we have done!

Tip 5
If you are on a tour, you shouldn't put your backpack at the bottom of the bus luggage trunk because it is impossible and annoying to get out 60 pieces of luggage just for one or two pieces that you need from your bag. Carry a backpack with the things you need it most.

Tip 6
If the distance is big from one place to another, the country is big, and there is lots of historical information that is good to know (like Greece), then it is better to take an organized tour because you can take a bus everywhere and the company does all the planning for you. The tour may not be exactly the way you wanted it but then you can simply buy a cheaper tour and separate from them when you are not happy. What I mean is that, when traveling with a group, all you have to do it just bring your luggage and you are all set. The tour guide will tell you some essential tips and things about the country. It is a lot of work to plan and there is not a lot of time to research the history but when with a group, it is great because there are many coordinated parts and the guide tells all the important things. 
A funny story was that when we went to India and were trying our Gate 1 Travel for the first time, we were not sure if it was going to be good but it as so inexpensive and only cost the amount a flight would be, that we decided that if it was bad, we would simply separate from them. The cool thing was that it was so great that now we are basically only traveling with this company. 

Tip 7
Don't ask your tour guide too many questions. If you do, the tour won't ask you to ask more because you will run ahead of the topic and the guide will have no more interesting things to surprise you with. There is a great chance that he will not like you because you will just be saying the things that he wanted to say. Also, it is bad to ask questions that you already know the answer to because what's the point of wasting the tour guide's time when he can be telling things that are important to know?

Tip 8
If you are a guide or blog writer who doesn't give too much information at once. This isn't only a tip for traveling. If there is too much information people can get overwhelmed and bored. This makes tourists less interested later. With that in mind, I won't write more information for today because you guys won't read the rest of this guide ;).

Tip 9
Sometimes after you come out of the plane, you have jet lag and are very tired. On the first day when you arrive, you probably don't feel like going out for dinner. This is okay, it is important to get your rest so that you are not moody throughout the rest of the trip. This is also when you should bring some type of instant soup that you can add water to and soup is ready to eat in no time or other easy snacks to make. I know this may sound a bit weird, but the soups are pretty easy to make if you don't have a full stove and lots of equipment. Furthermore, it is handy to take an electric kettle with universal voltage.

Tip 10
Usually, if you have three or more people in your family, take a taxi. It is a lot faster, cheaper, and more efficient. An example of a place that works like this is Greece. To go to the airport it cost 10 euros per person by subway. Since I have two other people in my family, that is 30 euros. That is only for the blue line; we also have to take the red line which costs 1.50 per person. The whole cost would be 36.50, while the taxi is a lot cheaper. Even the locals say that a taxi is not overpriced like in other countries in Europe.

Tip 11
There is no way to completely stop jet lag but there are a few ways to make it less severe. One way is to stop watching the movies on the plane and go to sleep instead. Usually, the screen's brightness wakes you up on the plane ride and causes pain in your eyes and possibly even a headache. You might think that it's a good deal because you can watch a movie for free, but in reality, this is not a good deal because you can watch the same movie online for about $2.99, while the whole vacation can cost $1,500 per person. I hope you think through the decision of watching a cheap movie.

Tip 12
Before you go on your trip, scan your passport and credit or debit card, and other things that are important to you. Later email it to yourself just in case you lose them. This will ensure that you have the number of your credit card so that you can call your bank to stop a transaction that is not yours and could have been caused by the person that stole or found your credit card. You can also print out a copy so your partner can carry it while you carry the one that is original just in case there are any problems when you split up during your travel.

Tip 13
Before you travel, request “hold mail” for your mail so it all comes a day before you arrive. This makes sure that nothing is cramped in your mailbox; also, the mailman has an easier job as well.

Tip 14
Before you travel, call the credit or debit card company so when you use your credit or debit card abroad, your bank knows that you are abroad and won't block your card when you make a purchase. If you do not do this, the bank will think it is someone else from a a different country that is using your card.

Tip 15
If you or any of your family members traveling with you like a warm room, bring a mini heater with you. It is even better if the heater takes both 110V (America) and 220V (Europe and other countries). Even in a very warm country, your clothes can get wet and with the heater, you can dry them. In warm countries, there's also central AC and they usually turn it up too much so having a mini heater won't hurt.

Tip 16
Remember about the electricity adapters in different countries. Go to the website to find more info on this topic: https://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/plug-voltage-by-country/

Tip 17
Remember not to bring too many clothes to carry if you are moving around the country a lot. I recommend that you bring 3 shirts, 4 t-shirts, one sweater, one jacket, one hat, 3 pairs of pants, two to three pairs of shoes, and a pair of socks for each day. For them to be used well, you should wear them at least two times during the trip, depending on how long the trip is of course. You do not have to look good unless you are going on a honeymoon. Well actually, you are married already so it doesn't matter. Well actually, I take that back, your spouse can still divorce you ;). The amount of clothes that I recommend is only for about 8 days but if your trip is longer than adjust the number of clothes that you choose to take with you. It also depends a lot on what place of the world you are going to because of the temperature. When it is hot or cold you will need more clothes and when the temperature is average, you will need an average amount. You will need more in the heat because you will sweat and there will be a larger size of the clothes when you are going to a cold place since coats are big.

Tip 18
Download some Google maps so that they are available offline so as not to get lost in case there's no internet access. Most of the time there is no internet access in the countries that are not as well developed. I assure you that with Google maps you will not get lost because you can even ask to go to a certain location and the map will tell you exactly the amount of time it will take you to arrive, the distance, and the route of course.

Tip 19
Bring an extra pair of socks on the plane ride. This is a good way to keep warm. It is also a good way to relax your feet because instead of keeping your feet in your shoes, keep your original pair of socks and add another one on top so they are like slippers. This way your original socks won't get dirty from the floor of the aircraft and you can walk around without feeling repellent.

Tip 20
Come early to the airport, this is something that must be done to have a great trip and not to stress. If you are not on time you'll have to buy another, very expensive ticket. If you are not more than 2 hours early then you will have to rush to the boarding gate of your airplane. Why stress if you can be relaxed and happy by coming a bit early. It is always okay to wait at the airport for the plane to arrive. Lastly, if you rush it is easy to lose something important such as a passport or Visa. Without a rush, you can remember all the stuff you need. Is it worth not wasting $1,000 just for 2 hours?

I hope you found these tips helpful. See the next article to find some more helpful tips.

Tuesday, June 30, 2020

Augmentative and Alternative Communication – Like A Second Language

 

AAC communicative process is really complex:
  1. User receives auditory information
  2. User processes the linguistic message
  3. User formulates or identifies an appropriate response
  4. User translates and executes a response using AAC system

It is a similar process a bilingual speaker experiences:
  1. He first thinks of responses in his primary language
  2. Then he translates
  3. Finally he implements the response using the second language
If you are interested in the topic read:
Is AAC a Separate Language? by Stephanie Coogan




To learn about AAC read my other post “Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) – List of Low and Light Tech Devices”
http://slpzone.blogspot.com/2013/10/list-of-augmentative-and-alternative.html

Check also “Augmentative and Alternative Communication Evaluation – Sample”

Check also “Augmentative and Alternative Communication Evaluation – Sample 1”

Monday, March 10, 2014

Outdoor Free Play

Pilica River, Poland
We, as the parents, owe our offspring more outdoor time then we offer, not a highly structured, adult coached activity such as baseball, soccer, athletics, but a simple nature play in a ditch, backyard, garden, creek, grassland, or woodlot, where they can initiate exploration of bugs on a sidewalk, worms in dirt, soil under their nails, simply the Mother Nature.
Beetle, Poland
Nowadays childhood has radically changed. An average American kid spends 27% of his daytime in front of TV, computer or other electronic devices and just 1% of structured, outdoor time. “Unstructured”, make-it-up-as-you-go outdoor free play ranges only about 30 minutes per week, which is hardly 4 minutes per day. That’s a dramatic change from past generations when one of the most common parental instructions was, “Go outside to play until I call you! Just remember to stay away from a trouble.” 
Treasure, Poland
What I recall from my childhood was “mucking around” with neighbors and friends, digging holes, collecting sticks and stones, playing in a self-made tree house, exploring drains, building snow fords, hiding from my sister in a secret spot in a garden or an attic, and watching only 10 minute TV cartoon at 6:45 pm. And that memory and experience I would like to pass onto my daughter by creating some possibilities for a frequent free outdoor play. 
Grandma’s Garden, Poland
Whenever I ask Barbara about her favorite place to play, she always gives the same answer: “The grandma’s garden (Sulejow, Pland), when we play with Mela (the cousin)”. Even our extensive traveling when we visit exotic places of different origin, meet interesting people, try diverse food or discover fascinating objects her best memories always go back to Poland. And from what I assume it is not because Sulejow (Poland) is the most striking place, but because it reminds her about freedom, exploration and interaction with the familiar nature and best friends.
Baking Potatoes, Poland
No one intentionally removed “nature play” from our children, but several changes have happened over the past 30 years.
  • We’ve become more urbanized and the access to green play spaces is a lot more distant than it was in the past.
  • Children’s free time has been reduced due to longer school days and many more after-school activities.
  • Parental worries have been puffed up by “24/7” media coverage of all dangers to children, whether they are sunburns, bee stings, or crime.  
  • And then television, music devices, computers, and video games have all been developed over the past 30 years.
Tinder Fungus, Poland
We have involuntarily removed a vitality that has been at the center of children’s physical, social, emotional, creative, and intellectual development throughout the history of humankind.
Nowadays one in five four-year-olds in the U.S. is clinically obese.
Blueberries, Poland
For generations, nature play has been a major part of childhood. But only recently its power has been revalued again. The study proves that:
  • Regular practices of an active play during our childhood are one of the best predictors of vigorous adulthoods - a perfect prescription for fighting the obesity epidemic.
  • School children who use playgrounds with trees, fields, shrubs, and vegetated edges show more creative play, better concentration, and more inter-gender play than peers with equipment focused playgrounds.
  • Outdoor play in green settings reduces the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children.
  • Apparently early exposure to plants, animals, and soil helps children’s immune systems to develop properly, making them less vulnerable to allergenic conditions like asthma or seasonal allergies.
  • Frequent, unstructured childhood play in natural settings has been found to be the most common influence on the development of life - long conservation values.
Pilica River, Poland
The first step to restore the free nature play is to understand its meaning, locate the essential attributes and put them into the action.
1.      First thing is to find the right place.  
Size of the place does not mutter, what matters is a freedom! Therefore a good nature play is a land that is nether too protected or wild in children’s standard. This might be a quiet corner in a local park, a not in use city lot, a small neighborhood creek, or just the backyard.  
A chosen place must have the elements of nature to play and discover, such as: rocks, dirt, trees, bugs, flowers, mud, and water. Equally important is freedom to dig, collect, climb, build, and hide there.
2.      Second thing is to find the right play. It’s all about playing with nature, not just in nature!
Outdoor, “child-centered” play is the goal: play that children themselves initiate, guide, change, or abandon. The very best nature play comes from the child, not from the adult!
Ideally, there are no formal objectives and few rules for nature play. It is vital, though, that the play actively engages kids with nature and its elements; it’s not just any play that happens outdoors.
Real nature play is catching tiny critters, collecting leaves and rocks, hiding in tall grass, digging for buried treasure, splashing in the creek, hiding amidst the shrubs, and climbing a tree as high as you dare.
3.      Third thing is to re-play.
In the past we played outdoors nearly every day, again and again, in good weather or bad. This level of frequency may be the hardest aspect of nature play to restore. If kids have to be driven to the nature place, then it’s not likely to happen often enough to fully impact their growth, development, and love of nature. Therefore, we need to bring nature play closer, maybe to the families’ yards, local green spaces, and school playgrounds, places they can reach on foot or by bicycle, day after day, to play and re-play.
Waiting, Poland
The right kinds of place, play, and re-play are crucial for the nature play, but the outdoor fun doesn’t have to perfectly match all three in order to be worthwhile! We shouldn’t worry about perfection, but open the door and encourage our kid to start exploration!
Collecting Treasure, Poland
Websites
The Children and Nature Network: www.childrenandnature.org
The Green Hour, National Wildlife Federation: www.greenhour.org
Nature Rocks: www.naturerocks.org
Metro Omaha Resources for Explore Nature: www.morenature.info
The Natural Learning Initiative: www.naturalearning.org
Saying Good-Bye, Poland

Tuesday, February 4, 2014

Metoda Analizy Behawioralnej - Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Autyzm wczesnodzieciÄ™cy, zwany inaczej autyzmem głębokim jest skomplikowanym zaburzeniem rozwojowym, w którym dochodzi do nieprawidÅ‚owoÅ›ci w sÅ‚ownej i bezsÅ‚ownej komunikacji, zakłóceÅ„ w interakcjach miÄ™dzyludzkich i postÄ™pujÄ…cej stopniowej izolacji od Å›wiata zewnÄ™trznego. Termin „autyzm” pochodzi od greckiego sÅ‚owa „autos” = „sam”, a użyty zostaÅ‚ ze wzglÄ™du na charakterystyczne zachowanie dzieci dotkniÄ™tych tym schorzeniem, czyli zamykanie siÄ™ w ich wÅ‚asnym wewnÄ™trznym Å›wiecie. Czytaj wiÄ™cej 
http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autyzm_dzieci%C4%99cy
Terapia dziecka z autyzmem opiera siÄ™ na trzech podstawowych zasadach:
  • Przygotowanie rodziców do pracy z dzieckiem poprzez wyjaÅ›nienie im zachowaÅ„ dziecka.
  • Rozszerzeniu form kontaktu z dzieckiem, przede wszystkim kontaktu fizycznego.
  • Stymulacji dziecka do kontaktów spoÅ‚ecznych.
Obecnie nastąpiła stopniowa integracja różnych teorii terapeutycznych, które pozwalają wypracować podejście najlepiej służące dzieciom, członkom ich rodzin oraz innym środowiskom, takim jak szkoła, ośrodki pomocy i inne. Czytaj więcej http://slpzone.blogspot.com/2012/04/porady-dla-rodzica-dziecka.html
Metoda Analizy Behavioralnej - Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) znana też jako Terapia Poznawczo-Behawioralna to intensywny program behawioralnej modyfikacji zachowania, wywodzący się z tradycji Skinnera oraz prac Ingmara Lovaasa. Program ten wyklucza stosowanie metod awersyjnych, czyli karania, a w zamian stosuje system nagród. Metoda ABA stosowana jest powszechnie w domach, ośrodkach terapii i szkolach. Podstawę terapii behawioralnej stanowią ogólne prawa uczenia się. Dzieci autystyczne - tak jak i inne dzieci - posiadają zdolności uczenia się, jednak muszą znaleźć się w odpowiednim, niejednokrotnie specjalnie przystosowanym dla nich środowisku. Środowisko to składa się z miejsc, w których dzieci przebywają na co dzień, a różni się od normalnego na tyle, aby stało się dla nich bardziej funkcjonalne. W środowisku takim zapotrzebowanie na wykonanie jakiegoś zachowania przez dziecko powinno być wyraźne i zrozumiałe dla dziecka. To, że dzieci autystyczne ponoszą porażki w normalnym środowisku, a odnoszą sukcesy w środowisku specjalnie dla ich zorganizowanym, wskazuje na to, że ich problemy mogą być widziane bardziej jako niedopasowanie pomiędzy ich systemem nerwowym a normalnym środowiskiem, niż jako schorzenie.
W terapii behawioralnej można wyróżnić trzy podstawowe cele:
  1. Rozwijanie zachowań deficytowych. - Zachowaniami deficytowymi nazywamy te zachowania, które uważa się za normalne i pożądane u dziecka w pewnym wieku i w pewnych okolicznościach, a które u dziecka autystycznego występują zbyt rzadko lub nie występują w ogóle, np. prawidłowa mowa, okazywanie uczuć, nawiązywanie kontaktów czy zabawa. Zadaniem terapeuty behawioralnego jest wykształtowanie u dziecka autystycznego jak największej liczby zachowań adaptacyjnych, takich które rozwiną jego niezależność i umożliwią mu efektywne funkcjonowanie w środowisku.
  2. Redukowanie zachowaÅ„ niepożądanych. - Niepożądane zachowania dziecka powinny być konsekwentnie elimonowane, ponieważ nie sprzyjajÄ… nauce a także sprawiajÄ… kÅ‚opoty otoczeniu. W zwalczaniu niepożądanych zachowaÅ„ stosowane sÄ… dwie podstawowe metody: 
  • odbieranie dziecku czegoÅ› co lubi lub 
  • ofiarowywanie czegoÅ› czego nie lubi, czegoÅ› nieprzyjemnego.
Zarówno jedno jak i drugie postępowanie powinno stanowić bezpośrednie następstwo złego zachowania.
  1. Generalizowanie i utrzymywanie efektów terapii. Pozytywne, wyuczone już zachowania należy systematycznie wzmacniać i powtarzać.
W edukacji dziecka autystycznego należy trzymać się podstawowych reguł behawioralnych.
  1. Jeżeli chcemy, żeby zachowania wystÄ™powaÅ‚y częściej, powinniÅ›my je systematycznie wzmacniać. Wzmocnienie jest czymÅ›, co nastÄ™puje bezpoÅ›rednio po pewnym elemencie zachowania i zwiÄ™ksza prawdopodobieÅ„stwo jego ponownego wystÄ…pienia. Mamy dwa rodzaje wzmocnieÅ„: 
  • pozytywne - wzmocnienie pozytywne polega na tym, że po rzÄ…danym zachowaniu nastÄ™puje rzecz przyjemna, 
  • negatywne - w przypadku zaÅ› wzmocnienia negatywnego usuwamy rzecz nieprzyjemnÄ….
W pracy z dzieckiem staramy się stosować jak najczęściej wzmocnienia pozytywne.
Wyróżniamy cztery rodzaje wzmocnieÅ„: 
  • wzmocnienie pierwotne - jedzenie i picie, 
  • wzmocnienie wtórne - pieniÄ…dze, żetony, etc., 
  • wzmocnienie socjalne - pochwaÅ‚y, uÅ›ciski, pocaÅ‚unki, 
  • wzmocnienie stymulujÄ…ce - lubiane przez dziecko przedmioty lub zabawki.
Wzmocnienie powinno być zastosowane w sposób wyraźny, bezpośrednio po dobrym zachowaniu dziecka.
  1. Zachowanie niepożądane nie powinno być wzmacniane, a niejednokrotnie powinno być ignorowane.
  2. Pojawienie się trudnego zachowania nie jest niebezpieczne, jeśli tylko nie jest wzmacniane.
Terapia behawioralna przebiega wedÅ‚ug poszczególnych etapów: 
  • Wczesne rozumienie mowy - przygotowanie do nauczania. 
  • Trening imitacji – naÅ›ladowanie. 
  • Dopasowywanie i sortowanie. 
  • Imitacja werbalna. 
  • Rozwój rozumienia mowy i mowy czynnej; nazywanie obiektów i czynnoÅ›ci.
  • PojÄ™cia abstrakcyjne. 
  • Budowanie zdaÅ„ i nauka odpowiadania na pytania. 
  • UmiejÄ™tnoÅ›ci szkolne. 
  • Rozwój spoÅ‚eczny i nauka wspólnej zabawy. 
  • CzynnoÅ›ci samoobsÅ‚ugowe.
WybierajÄ…c zachowania docelowe terapeuta powinien kierować siÄ™ szczególnymi zasadami: 
  • Uczymy umiejÄ™tnoÅ›ci, z których dziecko bÄ™dzie mógÅ‚o korzystać codziennie do koÅ„ca życia. 
  • Uczymy umiejÄ™tnoÅ›ci, z których dziecko może skorzystać natychmiast. 
  • Zacznynamy od nauki umiejÄ™tnoÅ›ci podstawowych. 
  • Uczymy umiejÄ™tnoÅ›ci komunikowania siÄ™. 
  • Uczymy zachowaÅ„ funkcjonalnych. 
  • Wybieramy takie zachowania, z którymi możemy sobie poradzić. 
  • Zachowania niepożądane muszÄ… zostać skorygowane.
Metoda terapii behawioralnej jest tylko jedną z wielu metod stosowanych w pracy z dziećmi autystycznymi. Jej zastosowanie uzależnione jest od indywidualnych predyspozycji dziecka i dostępnosci specjalistów danej metody. Każde dziecko reaguje nieco inaczej, dlatego też różne są rezultaty jej stosowania.
StronaInstytutu Lovaasa - po angielsku
http://abatherapists.com/ - po angielsku